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危险化学品

收录危险化学品目录,并提供相应的化学品安全技术说明书(Material Safety Data Sheet,简称MSDS)。用户可获取化学品的理化参数、燃爆性能、对健康的危害、安全使用贮存、泄漏处置、急救措施以及有关的法律法规等十六项内容。为实验室安全提供重要参考。

  



                


* * * Section 1 - PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION  * * *


Material Name: 

VINYL FLUORIDE


ChemADVISOR, Inc.
Stone Quarry Crossing 811 Camp Horne Road, Suite 220 Pittsburgh, PA 15237
E-mail: info@chemadvisor.com MSDS is for reference use only; please contact manufacturer for emergency response information, routine product inquiries and orders.








Chemical Family 

halogenated, aliphatic 


Synonyms 

FLUOROETHYLENE; MONOFLUOROETHYLENE; FLUOROETHENE; MONOFLUOROETHENE; VINYL FLUORIDE, INHIBITED; UN 1860; C2H3F









* * * Section 2 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION  * * *


Emergency Overview 

Color:  colorless 

Change in color: Not available

Physical Form: gas

Odor:  faint odor, ether odor, sweet odor 

Health Hazards:  central nervous system depression, difficulty breathing, suspect cancer hazard (in animals) 

Physical Hazards:  Flammable gas. May cause flash fire. Flash back hazard. Electrostatic charges may be generated by flow, agitation, etc. May polymerize. Containers may rupture or explode. 




Potential Health Effects 
Inhalation 

Short Term:  cough, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing, headache, drowsiness, dizziness, tremors, loss of coordination, blurred vision, unconsciousness 

Long Term:  cancer 




Skin Contact 

Short Term:  irritation, frostbite 

Long Term:  irritation 




Eye Contact 

Short Term:  frostbite, blurred vision 

Long Term:  no information is available 




Ingestion 

Short Term:  ingestion of a gas is unlikely 

Long Term:  ingestion of a gas is unlikely 















* * * Section 3 - COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS  * * *


CAS EC No Registration NoComponent Name Synonyms1272/2008 (CLP)Percent
75-02-5 200-832-6 --VINYL FLUORIDE--100




Component Related Regulatory Information 

This product may be regulated, have exposure limits or other information identified as the following: Fluorides.









* * * Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES  * * *


Inhalation 

If adverse effects occur, remove to uncontaminated area. Give artificial respiration if not breathing. If breathing is difficult, oxygen should be administered by qualified personnel. Get immediate medical attention. 


Skin 

If frostbite or freezing occur, immediately flush with plenty of lukewarm water (105-115 F; 41-46 C). DO NOT USE HOT WATER. If warm water is not available, gently wrap affected parts in blankets. Get immediate medical attention. 


Eyes 

Contact with liquid: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Then get immediate medical attention. 


Ingestion 

If a large amount is swallowed, get medical attention. 


Note to Physicians 

For inhalation, consider oxygen. 









* * * Section 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES  * * *


See Section 9 for Flammability Properties 

NFPA Ratings: 
Health: 2 Fire: 4 Reactivity: 2

Hazard Scale: 0 = Minimal 1 = Slight 2 = Moderate 3 = Serious 4 = Severe




Flammable Properties 

Severe fire hazard. Severe explosion hazard. Gas/air mixtures are explosive. The gas is heavier than air. Vapors or gases may ignite at distant ignition sources and flash back. Electrostatic discharges may be generated by flow or agitation resulting in ignition or explosion. Containers may rupture or explode if exposed to heat. 


Extinguishing Media 

carbon dioxide, regular dry chemical Large fires: Use regular foam or flood with fine water spray. 


Fire Fighting Measures 

Move container from fire area if it can be done without risk. For fires in cargo or storage area: Cool containers with water from unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles until well after fire is out. If this is impossible then take the following precautions: Keep unnecessary people away, isolate hazard area and deny entry. Let the fire burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety device or any discoloration of tanks due to fire. For tank, rail car or tank truck: Stop leak if possible without personal risk. Let burn unless leak can be stopped immediately. For smaller tanks or cylinders, extinguish and isolate from other flammables. Evacuation radius: 800 meters (1/2 mile). Do not attempt to extinguish fire unless flow of material can be stopped first. Flood with fine water spray. Cool containers with water spray until well after the fire is out. Apply water from a protected location or from a safe distance. Avoid inhalation of material or combustion by-products. Stay upwind and keep out of low areas. Evacuate if fire gets out of control or containers are directly exposed to fire. Evacuation radius: 500 meters (1/3 mile). Consider downwind evacuation if material is leaking. 


Thermal Decomposition of Products 
Combustion: 

oxides of carbon, hydrogen fluoride, carbonyl fluoride 













* * * Section 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES  * * *


Water Release 

Subject to California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65). Keep out of water supplies and sewers. 


Occupational spill/release 

Avoid heat, flames, sparks and other sources of ignition. Stop leak if possible without personal risk. Reduce vapors with water spray. Keep unnecessary people away, isolate hazard area and deny entry. Remove sources of ignition. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. 









* * * Section 7 - HANDLING AND STORAGE  * * *


Storage Procedures 

Store and handle in accordance with all current regulations and standards. Subject to storage regulations: U.S. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.101. Keep separated from incompatible substances. 









* * * Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION  * * *


Component Exposure Limits 

VINYL FLUORIDE75-02-5
ACGIH: 1 ppm TWA
NIOSH: 1 ppm TWA
 5 ppm Ceiling
OSHA (US): 2.5 mg/m3 TWA as F; 2.5 mg/m3 TWA dust (related to Fluorides)
Mexico: 2.5 mg/m3 TWA VLE-PPT as F (related to Fluorides)




Component Analysis 

Biological limit value 

There are no biological limit values for any of this product's components. 




Ventilation 

Ventilation equipment should be explosion-resistant if explosive concentrations of material are present. Provide local exhaust or process enclosure ventilation system. Ensure compliance with applicable exposure limits. 


PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 

Eyes/Face For the gas: Eye protection not required, but recommended. For the liquid: Wear splash resistant safety goggles. Contact lenses should not be worn. Provide an emergency eye wash fountain and quick drench shower in the immediate work area. 


Protective Clothing 

For the gas: Protective clothing is not required. For the liquid: Wear appropriate protective, cold insulating clothing. 


Glove Recommendations 

Wear insulated gloves. 


Protective Materials 

butyl rubber 


Respiratory Protection 

The following respirators and maximum use concentrations are drawn from NIOSH and/or OSHA. 10 ppm Any air-purifying half-mask respirator equipped with organic vapor cartridge(s). Any supplied-air respirator. 25 ppm Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s). 50 ppm Any air-purifying respirator with a full facepiece and an organic vapor canister. Any air-purifying full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front-mounted or back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s). Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece. 200 ppm Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece that is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions - Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece that is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Escape - Any air-purifying full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front-mounted or back-mounted organic vapor canister. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus. 









* * * Section 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  * * *


Appearance Not available Physical State Gas
Odor faint odor,ether odor,sweet odorColor colorless
Odor Threshold Not available pH Not available 
Melting Point -161 - -160 °CBoiling Point -72 - -51 °C
Freezing point Not available Evaporation Rate Not available 
Boiling Point Range Not available Flammability (solid, gas) Not available 
Autoignition 460 °CFlash Point flammable
Lower Explosive Limit 2.6 %Decomposition Not available 
Upper Explosive Limit 21.7 %Vapor Pressure 25 bar at 20 °C
Vapor Density (air=1) 1.6Specific Gravity (water=1) 0.707 at 0 °C (liquid)
Water Solubility (insoluble)Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water Not available 
Viscosity Not available Solubility (Other) Not available 
Density Not available Physical Form gas
Molecular Formula C-H2-C-H-FMolecular Weight 46.0




Solvent Solubility 
Soluble 

alcohol, ether, acetone 













* * * Section 10 - STABILITY AND REACTIVITY  * * *


Chemical Stability 

Polymerizes with evolution of heat. Avoid contact with heat, air, light or moisture and monitor inhibitor content. 


Conditions to Avoid 

Avoid heat, flames, sparks and other sources of ignition. Containers may rupture or explode if exposed to heat. 


Incompatible Materials 

oxidizing materials, 


VINYL FLUORIDE: OXIDIZERS (STRONG): Fire and explosion hazard.

Thermal Decomposition of Products 
Combustion: 

oxides of carbon, hydrogen fluoride, carbonyl fluoride 






Possibility of Hazardous Reactions 

Polymerizes with evolution of heat. Monitor inhibitor content. 









* * * Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION  * * *


Component Analysis - LD50/LC50 

The components of this material have been reviewed in various sources and no selected endpoints have been identified 




Component Carcinogenicity

VINYL FLUORIDE75-02-5
ACGIH: A2 - Suspected Human Carcinogen
IARC: Monograph 97 [2008]; Monograph 63 [1995]; Supplement 7 [1987] (Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A based on mechanistic and other relevant data. For practical purposes vinyl fluoride should be considered to act similarly to the human carcinogen vinyl chloride) (Group 2A (probably carcinogenic to humans))
NTP: Reasonably Anticipated To Be A Human Carcinogen
OSHA: Present








When tested in mice through inhalation exposure, it produced hemangiosarcomas in the liver and alveolar-bronchiolar adenomas in mice of each sex; mammary tumors in females and Harderian gland adenomas in males In rats, it produced hemangiosarcomas in the liver and Zymbal gland tumors in rats of each sex and an increased incidence of heptaocellular adenomas and carcinomas in females. 

Inhalation - Acute Exposure 

VINYL FLUORIDE: In high concentrations, may cause asphyxiation resulting in loss of mobility and unconsciousness In lower concentrations, may cause narcotic effects resulting in dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and incoordination May also cause coughing, shortness of breath, blurred vision, and tremors.


Inhalation - Chronic Exposure 

VINYL FLUORIDE In one experiment with mice and rats, hemangiosarcomas of the liver, alveolar-bronchiolar adenomas, mammary tumors, Harderian gland adenomas, Zymbal gland tumors and increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas were observed.


Skin Contact - Acute Exposure 

VINYL FLUORIDE Rapid evaporation of liquid may cause frostbite, redness, pain, and irritation.


Skin Contact - Chronic Exposure 

VINYL FLUORIDE May result in dermatitis.


Eye Contact - Acute Exposure 

VINYL FLUORIDE Rapid evaporation of liquified gas may cause frostbite, redness, pain, and blurred vision.


Eye Contact - Chronic Exposure 

VINYL FLUORIDE No data available.


Ingestion - Acute Exposure 

VINYL FLUORIDE: Ingestion of a gas is unlikely If liquid is swallowed, frostbite damage to the lips, mouth and mucous membranes may occur.


Ingestion - Chronic Exposure 

VINYL FLUORIDE Ingestion of a gas is unlikely.









* * * Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION  * * *


Component Analysis - Aquatic Toxicity 

No LOLI ecotoxicity data are available for this product's components 















* * * Section 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS  * * *


Disposal Methods 

Dispose in accordance with all applicable regulations. D001. D003. 


Component Waste Numbers 

The U.S. EPA has not published waste numbers for this product's components 











* * * Section 14 - TRANSPORT INFORMATION  * * *


US DOT Information:

Shipping Name: VINYL FLUORIDE, STABILIZED

Hazard Class: 2.1

UN/NA #: UN1860

Required Label(s): 2.1




TDG Information:

Shipping Name: VINYL FLUORIDE, STABILIZED

Hazard Class: 2.1

UN#: UN1860

Required Label(s): 2.1




ADR Information:

Shipping Name: VINYL FLUORIDE, STABILIZED

Hazard Class: 2

UN#: UN1860

Required Label(s): 2.1

ADR Tunnel Code Restrictions 

This list contains tunnel restriction codes for those substances and/or chemically related entries which are found in chapter 3.2 of the ADR regulations 
VINYL FLUORIDE (75-02-5)

Restriction(s): B/D [UN1860]








RID Information:

Shipping Name: VINYL FLUORIDE, STABILIZED

Hazard Class: 2

UN#: UN1860

Required Label(s): 2.1 (+13)




IATA Information:

Shipping Name: VINYL FLUORIDE, STABILIZED

Hazard Class: 2.1

UN#: UN1860

Required Label(s): 2.1




ICAO Information:

Shipping Name: VINYL FLUORIDE, STABILIZED

Hazard Class: 2.1

UN#: UN1860

Required Label(s): 2.1




IMDG Information:

Shipping Name: VINYL FLUORIDE, STABILIZED

Hazard Class: 2.1

UN#: UN1860

Component Marine Pollutants (IMDG) 

Not regulated as dangerous goods. 















* * * Section 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION  * * *


US Federal Regulations 
This material contains one or more of the following chemicals required to be identified under SARA Section 302 (40 CFR 355 Appendix A), SARA Section 311/312 (40 CFR 370.21), SARA Section 313 (40 CFR 372.65), CERCLA (40 CFR 302.4), TSCA 12(b), and/or require an OSHA process safety plan 
VINYL FLUORIDE75-02-5
SARA 313: 0.1 % de minimis concentration




SARA Section 311/312 (40 CFR 370 Subparts B and C) 

Acute Health: Yes Chronic Health: Yes Fire: Yes Pressure: Yes Reactivity: Yes








U.S. State Regulations 
The following components appear on one or more of the following state hazardous substances lists: 
Component CAS CA MA MN NJ PA 
VINYL FLUORIDE75-02-5Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 




The following statement(s) are provided under the California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65): 

WARNING! This product contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer




Component Analysis 
VINYL FLUORIDE75-02-5
Carc: carcinogen , 5/1/1997












Symbol(s)

F+ Extremely Flammable

T Toxic

Risk Phrases

R12 Extremely flammable.

R49 May cause cancer by inhalation.

Safety Phrases

S2 Keep out of the reach of children.

S24 Avoid contact with skin.

S46 If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label.




Component Analysis - Inventory 
Component CAS# US CA EU AU PH JP KR CN NZ 
VINYL FLUORIDE75-02-5Yes NSL EIN Yes Yes Yes No No No 








Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling (GHS) 

The listed component(s) of this material have been checked for country-specific published classifications according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling (GHS). The results of the queries are displayed below. Please see the individual country listings, as additional interpretations or reference information may be available. For a reference list of H- or P-statements, please visit ChemADVISOR’s website at http://www.chemadvisor.com/product-resources/26-pure-substance-and-mixture-databases/247-ghs-hazard-and-physical-statements 

Australia GHS Classifications 

No published information available

This material may be hazardous according to published criteria for classification

European Union GHS Classifications 

No published information available

This material may be hazardous according to published criteria for classification




Indonesia GHS Classifications 

No published information available

This material may be hazardous according to published criteria for classification




Japan GHS Classifications 

Classifications below published under Japan's Chemicals Classification Program according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) 
VINYL FLUORIDE (75-02-5) Approval: 922

Flammable Gases Category 1 H220 Extremely flammable gas (with stabilizers)

Gases Under Pressure Liquefied gas H280 Contains gas under pressure, may explode when heated

Germ Cell Mutagenicity Category 2 H341 Suspected of causing genetic defects

Carcinogenicity Category 1B H350 May cause cancer

Specific Target Organ Toxicity - Single Exposure Category 3 H336 May cause drowsiness or dizziness

Specific Target Organ Toxicity - Repeated Exposure Category 2 H373 May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure (liver)




Japan GHS Labeling Information 

Labeling information below according to classifications published by Japan's Chemicals Classification Program according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) 
VINYL FLUORIDE (75-02-5)

Symbol(s)

 


Signal Word Danger

Hazard(s)

H220 Extremely flammable gas

H280 Contains gas under pressure, may explode when heated

H341 Suspected of causing genetic defects

H350 May cause cancer

H336 May cause drowsiness or dizziness

H373 May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure

Prevention

P210 Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking

P271 Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area

P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection

P260 Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray

P201 Obtain special instructions before use

P202 Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood

Response

P308+P313 IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention

P304+P340 IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing

P312 Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell

P377 Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely

P381 Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so

Storage

P403+P233 Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed

P405 Store locked up

P410+P403 Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place

Disposal

P501 Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations




Korea GHS Classifications 

No published information available

This material may be hazardous according to published criteria for classification




New Zealand GHS Classifications 

No published information available

This material may be hazardous according to published criteria for classification




South Africa GHS Classifications 

No published information available

This material may be hazardous according to published criteria for classification




Taiwan GHS Classifications 

Information below presented according to Taiwan's Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection (BSMI) of the Ministry of Economic Affairs. This agency has published a series of standards (CNS 15030 1-27 Chemical Classification and Labelling) which provide guidance on classification and labeling of chemicals according to GHS 
VINYL FLUORIDE (75-02-5)

Taiwan:Flammable Gases Category 1 H220 Extremely flammable gas
 Gases Under Pressure Compressed gas H280 Contains gas under pressure, may explode when heated
 Carcinogenicity Category 1 H350 May cause cancer
 Specific Target Organ Toxicity - Single Exposure Category 3 H336 May cause drowsiness or dizziness




Taiwan GHS Labeling Information 

Labeling information below according to classifications published by Taiwan's Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection (BSMI) of the Ministry of Economic Affairs. This agency has published a series of standards (CNS 15030 1-27 Chemical Classification and Labelling) which provide guidance on classification and labeling of chemicals according to GHS 
VINYL FLUORIDE (75-02-5)

Symbol(s)

 


Signal Word Danger

Hazard(s)

H220 Extremely flammable gas

H280 Contains gas under pressure, may explode when heated

H350 May cause cancer

H336 May cause drowsiness or dizziness

Prevention

P210 Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking

P271 Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area

P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection

P261 Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray

P201 Obtain special instructions before use

P202 Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood

Response

P308+P313 IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention

P304+P340 IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing

P312 Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell

P377 Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely

P381 Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so

Storage

P403+P233 Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed

P405 Store locked up

P410+P403 Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place

Disposal

P501 Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations












Classification 

No classification assigned. 









* * * Section 16 - OTHER INFORMATION  * * *


Key / Legend 

ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; ADR - European Road Transport; AU - Australia; BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand; C - Celsius; CA - Canada; CAS - Chemical Abstracts Service; CERCLA - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act; CN - China; CPR - Controlled Products Regulations; DFG - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; DOT - Department of Transportation; DSL - Domestic Substances List; EEC - European Economic Community; EINECS - European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances; EPA - Environmental Protection Agency; EU - European Union; F - Fahrenheit; IARC - International Agency for Research on Cancer; IATA - International Air Transport Association; ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization; IDL - Ingredient Disclosure List; IDLH - Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health; IMDG - International Maritime Dangerous Goods; JP - Japan; Kow - Octanol/water partition coefficient; KR - Korea; LEL - Lower Explosive Limit; LOLI - List Of LIsts™ - ChemADVISOR’s Regulatory Database; MAK - Maximum Concentration Value in the Workplace; MEL - Maximum Exposure Limits; NFPA - National Fire Protection Agency; NIOSH - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; NJTSR - New Jersey Trade Secret Registry; NTP - National Toxicology Program; NZ - New Zealand; OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration; PH - Philippines; RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; RID - European Rail Transport; RTECS - Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances®; SARA - Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act; STEL - Short-term Exposure Limit; TDG - Transportation of Dangerous Goods; TSCA - Toxic Substances Control Act; TWA - Time Weighted Average; UEL - Upper Explosive Limit; US - United States 


Other Information 

Reasonable care has been taken in the preparation of this information; however, the manufacturer makes no warranty whatsoever including the warranty of merchantability, expressed or implied, with respect to this information. The manufacturer makes no representations and assumes no liability for any direct, incidental, consequential, or other such damages resulting from its use or misuse. 

Disclaimer: 

Supplier gives no warranty whatsoever, including the warranties of merchantability or of fitness for a particular purpose. Any product purchased is sold on the assumption the purchaser shall determine the quality and suitability of the product. Supplier expressly disclaims any and all liability for incidental, consequential or any other damages arising out of the use or misuse of this product. No information provided shall be deemed to be a recommendation to use any product in conflict with any existing patent rights. THIS SDS IS TO BE UTILIZED SOLELY AS A REFERENCE DOCUMENT AND IT IS NOT TO BE USED TO SATISFY THE DISTRIBUTION REQUIREMENTS OF OSHA'S HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD (HCS) NOR CANADA'S CONTROLLED PRODUCT REGULATION (CPR). Read the Safety Data Sheet before handling product. Use of any information contained herein is provided at the reader's own risk and thus independent judgment by trained professionals must be utilized at all times. 






Copyright 

Copyright 1984-2016 ChemADVISOR, Inc "RTECS®" is a United States trademark owned and licensed under authority of the U.S. Government, by and through Accelrys/Biovia. Portions ©Copyright 2016, U.S. Government. All rights reserved